1 |
Catalogue number
|
1 |
2 |
Type
|
Firmalampe |
3 |
Find spot |
Lachmirowice, woj. Bydgoskie ( central- nord
Poland) |
4 |
Provenience
|
The lamp has been found in
the grave no 4, located on the borders of a przeworska kulture cementary. The
grave was situated on the depth of 50 cm under the surface. There was the
whole collection of “imports” : two badly damaged bronze vases, clay vases,
fragment of fibula, buckle, keys, chain. There was also excavated a comb made
of horn and two conical whorls. According to K. Godłowski the burial
belonged to a rich woman. |
5 |
Keeping place |
Regional Museum in Toruń, no 3305 |
6 |
Analogy |
Kraskovská, pl. XXX, nr 9 ( Gerulata,without
a stamp, II-III AD.), pl. XLIV, nr 1 ( stamp SCA) -Pichlerová 1981, pl. XLI (
stamp CRESCES, I-II AD.), pl. XLVII, nr 5 (stamp FORTIS ), pl. LXXXIII, nr 5
( stamp CRESCE, 140 AD. ), pl. CLXVII, nr 1 ( stamp CAMPIL) – Marsa 1978, pl.
XXVII ( stamp FORTIS, beginning of II AD. ) – Szubert, p. 157, nr 28, 29 (
Novae, stamp FORTIS, 1 half II AD. ) – Muşeţeanu, Culica,
Elefterescu 1980, pl. XIV, nr 95 ( Durostorum, stamp LUPATI, 2 half II AD. )
– Bălută 1975, pl. III, nr 4 ( Apulum, first decade of II AD ) –
Šubic, pl. VII, nr 29, 30, 31 ( Poetovio, stamp URSI ), pl. VIII, nr 33, 34,
36 ( stamp JUSTINIANUS, I- II AD. ) – Urlab, p. 298 ( Cerkvici, stamp OCTAVI,
1 half II AD. ), p. 317 ( stempel FORTIS, 1 half II AD. ) – Sergejewski, il.
6, p. 17, ( Jajce, without a stamp , IV AD ) – Rubright, pl. VII, nr 69 (
stempel APER F ) – Deringer, il. 16, nr 17 ( Lauriacum, stempel FORTIS, 200-
235 r. ) – Iványi, pl. XLVIII, nr 6, XLIX, nr 7( IV w. ) – Buchi, pl. XXXI (
II AD. ) – Waldhauer, pl. XLIV, nr 461 ( Chersonez, II AD. ) – Szentléleky.
Nr 125a, 130a ( Szombathely, stamp CRESCES ), 131a ( stamp SEXTUS ) – Farka,
nr 66 ( 1 half I AD. ) – Lavizzari Pedrazzini, pl. CXXXIII, nr 1a,b ( Angera
Romana, stamp FAVOR, 1 half II AD. ) – Panazza, pl. XI, nr 19 ( Cicidate,
stamp CAMPILI ), pl. XII, nr 22a,b ( stamp CRESCES, II AD. ) – Zaccaria
Ruggiu, nr 183-5 ( Montebelluno, stamps DEC and IEGIDI, II AD. ) – Bailey,
pl. LI, nr Q 1166, (north Italy, stamp STROBILI, I /II AD. ). |
7 |
Dating |
This type of lamp may be dated in Italy from
the beginning of II century AD to the first half of the III AD. It belonged
to the most popular types also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. We
cannot qualify the workshop with precision but the good quality of the lamp
says it was produced in Pannonia, Dacia or Italy in the second half of the II
century AD.Similar dating may be suggested by other subjects from the grave.. |
8 |
Interpretation |
According to W. Nowakowskiego the lamp from
Lachmirowice and other found in the grave “imports” should be connected with
the so-called main amber route. In this area a plenty of settlers of
przeworska kulture has been found with a great number of roman equipment. |
9 |
Bibliografia |
Zielonka 1951, p.120-128, il.6; Zielonka
1953, p.353-386, il.1a, nr 2a-e; J.Kostrzewski, Wielkopolska in prehistory,
Warszawa 1955, p.245, il.713; W.Hensel, A.Gieysztor, Archaeologische
Forschungen in Polen, Warszawa 1958, p.47, il.26; Bernhard, il. 58, p. 200;
Majewski 1960, il. LVIb, p.70; Wielowiejski 1985, p.277-278; Modrzewska-
Pianetti, p.86-87; Nowakowski, p.87-88. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
2 |
2 |
Type
|
Bildlampe |
3 |
Find spot |
Tarnów- Chyszów, ( south-
east Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
Lamp was a gift from
B.Czapkiewicza in 1922 . The provenience in unknown. |
5 |
Keeping place |
Archeological Museum in Krakow, no 8138 |
6 |
Analogy |
Waldhauer, pl. XXXV, nr 340 (similar
iconograpfy, Kercz I- II AD. ) – Heres 1972, pl. XXXIII, nr 274 (lituus and
urceus on the discus stamp ERACLID, I/II AD. ) – Bailey, pl. LXXX, nr O 1374
( stamp FLORENT, the end of II AD. ). |
7 |
Dating |
Workshop from central Italy, second half of
the II century AD. |
8 |
Interpretation |
This dating conects the lamp from Tarnów
with the flow of imports from Danubian provincies through Karpaty Mountains.
This is a way caled east amber route. Unfortunately considerating the special
kind of lamp decoration (sacerdotal insignia), which occures only in Italy,
we may doubt, if it’s a real import. We shouldn’t treat it like a product of
a trade. It is possible that a lamp get into Barbaricum in the time of Roman
wars with Marcomanni and Quadi. During this time a lot of Romans themselves
penetrated into Barbaricum. Anyway a precise analysis is not possible
because at the site of Tarnów any Roman imports haven’t been found yet. |
9 |
Bibliography |
Wielowiejski 1970, p. 62. Modrzewska-
Pianetti, p.85-86; Nowakowski, p.89. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
3 |
2 |
Type
|
type syro- palestinian |
3 |
Find spot |
Tomaszów Lubelski, ( central- east Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
The circumstances of
finding the lamp are unknown. According to the iwentary of Regional Museum in
Tomaszów, it was discovered after the second World War. Inside lamp there
were burnt human bones, so it’s possible it came from a crematory grave. |
5 |
Keeping place |
Regional Museum in Tomaszów Lubelski, no 417 |
6 |
Analogy |
Modrzewska – Marciniak, il. 14, 22, 24, p.
140 ( IV-V AD. ) – McCown, p. 116, 126, il. 22, nr 6-8, p. 127, il. 23 ( Tell
Nasbeh IV AD. ) – Hussaini, pl. VII, VIII ( Ain Yabrud, IV AD. ) – Hamilton,
pl. CLIII- CLVI ( Jerozolima, III- IV AD. ) – Baramki Sellers, p. 53 (north
Palestin IV- VI AD. ) – Burrows, p. 29 ( Jerosolima, IV- VI AD. ) – Day, pl.
XI, nr 2 ( VI AD. ) - Kennedy, pl.
XXVIII, nr 775 (middle of VIII AD.) – Bernhard, pl. C, nr 344, pl. CI, nr 345
( V AD. ) - Szentléleky nr 246a,b (
IV- V AD. ). |
7 |
Dating |
The lamp belongs to the Late Antiquity
period in the syro-palestinian type. It may be widely dated from IV to V century AD. |
8 |
Interpretation |
Because of lacking crematory sepulcral
objects during the early Slavonic period (the end of V century- first half of
VI century AD) and absence of Roman imports on slavonic sites, we may suppose
it belonged to Wielbarska kulture. It was present in this area from the first
half of V century. |
9 |
Bibliography |
Kutyłowska, il.114, p.151, nr 53;
A.Kokowski, Two ancient relics from the collection of the Regional Museum in
Tomaszów Lubelski, Rocznik Tomaszowski II, Kokowski, Region of Lublin in the
early period pre- Roman and Roman, Lubelskie Materiały Archeologiczne,
t. IV, Lublin 1991, p. 146- 148; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.89-90; Nowakowski,
p.89-90. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
4 |
2 |
Type
|
Clay lamp |
3 |
Find spot |
Walewice, ( central Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
Discovered at the beginning
of XX century in the area of Bzura river. Probably it came from Przeworska
kulture cementary. |
5 |
Keeping place |
Archeologcal and Etnographical Museum in Łódź,
no II-1946/59; |
6 |
Analogy |
Because the lamp is badly damaged the
analogies are not precise. Szamałek, pl. I (Oderza, III- IV w. ) –
Bucovala, p. 112, nr 69a ( Tomis i w. ) – Muşeţeanu, Elefterescu
1983, pl. IV, nr 62 ( Durostorum, III- IV w. ) – Iconomu, pl. CXLVIII, nr 663
( Konstanza IV w. ) – Leibingdut, typ XX- XXII, p. 78 ( Szwajcaria, I- III w. ) – Deringer, nr
339-f 214, p. 52, 53 ( Lauriacum, stempel CIVN BIT, II/III w. ) – Bailey, pl.
LXIII, nr Q 1241, Q 1242 ( początek II w. ) – Zaccaria Ruggiu, nr 160a,b
( południowa Italia, stempel ANNI SER, typ znany do III w. ) –
Michelucci, pl. X, nr 141 ( datowana najpóźniej na IV w. ) – Joly, pl.
XLI, nr 977 ( Sabratha, IV – V w. ) – Bruneau, pl. XXXII, nr 4677 ( Delos,
III– IV w. ) |
7 |
Dating |
Dating based on analogies on the second half
oh the III century AD. There were found some subjects from the damaged
crematory cementary with the lamp: clay vases, swards, umbo, spur,
spear-head. It may be dated on the end of III and the beginning of IV century
AD. |
8 |
Interpretation |
The closest to Poland workshops that may
have produced the lamps in this type are from Dobrudja (beginning of IV
century AD), Lauriacum (beginning of III century AD), Bulgaria (the end of
III century AD). They are all local
kind. Considerating written sources often telling about archeological
discoveries in the area of Walewice, we suppose that there has been a site
from the Roman influence period. It was probably the cementary of Przeworska
kulture. Other informations say about tumuli- graves. The suggested upper
dating overlaps with the chronology of other subjects from Walewice. It also
correspondence with the horizon of prince’s tumuli-graves type Zakrzów-
Leuna- Hassleben |
9 |
Bibliography |
Generaly about the
discoveries in Walewice: J.Kostrzwewski, La Tene Culture in area of Polish Kingdom, Przegląd
Archeologiczny I, 1919- 1921, p. 27, nr 97; A.Nadolski, Some notes about
inscribed spearheads, Slavia Antiqua II, fasc. 2, 1949-1950, p.230;
Przegląd Archeologiczny I, 1919, p. 27; about the collection of
antiquities: J.Kostrzewski, The collection of St. Grabiński in Walewice,
Przegląd Archeologiczny I, 1919, p. 150; S.Kozakiewicz,
J.Miłobędzki, Catalogue of pieces of art. In Poland, vol. II :
Województwo Łódzkie, fasc. 5 : Powiat Łowicki, Warszawa 1953, p.
64- about the lamp : Wielowiejski 1970, p.62, Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.91;
Nowakowski, p.90-91. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
5 |
2 |
Type
|
Tiegellampe,
lampe r suif |
3 |
Find spot |
Turza Wielka, ( central Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
Lamp was found on the
surface on the vturn of the XIX century. According to W.Gearte it was
accompanied by clay vases and braselet from I-II century AD. During the
second warld war missing and kmown only from the drawing. |
5 |
Keeping place |
Unknown. |
6 |
Analogy |
The analogies are not precise. Bichir, pl. V, nr 4 ( Colonesti –
Măruţei, III- IV AD. ) – Bălută 1975, pl. VI, nr 11- 14 (
IV AD. ) – Šubic, pl. VI nr 24 ( Poetovio, III- IV AD. ) – Rubright, pl. XXV,
nr 256 ( Sirmium, IV- V AD. ) – Póczy, pl. XXIII, nr 10 ( Intercisa, IV AD.
), pl. XXIII, nr 2 (IV/V AD. ) – Loeschke, pl. XX, nr 1041( Vindonissa, II-
III AD. ) – Szentléleky, typ 19. Nr 252- 256 (III- IV AD. ). |
7 |
Dating |
Between the lamps from Vindonissa and
Intercisa the precise analogies has not been found. The closest to our relic
are worshops from Apulum ( hipoteticaly dated on the beginning of the III
century AD) and Colonesti- Mrruntei in Roumania (III-IV AD.) |
8 |
Interpretation |
The lamp comes from a Wielbarska kulture
cementary lying in the area of the prince’s grave in Pelgrzymów. Thos
neighbourship seems to confirm the possibility of appering there an unique
import. The analogies bringing the relic into III- IV century correspond with
the flow of Ropman imports coming to Barbaricum through the zone of Gothic
domination. Unfortunately according to W. Nowakowski the
lamp drawing is not worthy of belief.
A special form of lamp he explains as a local product, handmade. His
argument is also not existing the relic in a Catalogue of Roman imports in
East Prussia. The inerpretation proposed sounds that the lamp is a poor
imitation of Roman lamps. It may also be a kind of multiple vase. |
9 |
Bibliography |
Gaerte, p. 174, il. 124e; Wielowiejski 1970,
p. 62. Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.90; Nowakowski, p.90. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
6 |
2 |
Type
|
Warzenlampe, Flat Globule Lamp, lucerna a perline |
3 |
Find spot |
Majdan, ( south- east Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
The circumstances of
finding the lamp are unknown. |
5 |
Keeping place |
Archeological Museum in Krakow, no 3537 |
6 |
Analogy |
Deringer , il. 33, nr 341 ( Lauriacum, III-
IV AD. ) – Szentléleky, nr 181 (
Szombathely ), nr 182 ( IV AD. ) – Zaccaria Ruggiu, nr 226- 236 ( north
Italy, III- IV AD. ) – Bailey, pl. LXXXVI, nr Q 1423 ( stamp SA ), nr Q 1424
( III- V AD. ). |
7 |
Dating |
IV century AD. |
8 |
Interpretation |
Two lamp this type from Poland are known ;
from Majdan ( IV century AD) and Benice ( a little bit later). It is not
possible to reconstruct the way of their affluence into Poland. Without any
archeological context it is difficult to iterprete it as a product of trade.
Moreover from the site Majdan none Roman imports are known. Maybe we can
cvonnect our lamp with existence of such sites as Jakuszowice and
Świlcza in this area. They were a great centers of amber trade during
the late Roman influence period. |
9 |
Bibliography |
Majewski 1948, tabl.XV, nr1; Eggers, nr
2105; Majewski 1960, tabl. LVIa,b, p.73; Wielowiejski 1960, 340; 749;
Wielowiejski 1970, p.62; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.87-88; Nowakowski, p.88-89. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
7 |
2 |
Type
|
Firmalampe |
3 |
Find spot |
Szczecin Zdroje, ( nord-
west Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
The circumstances of
finding the lamp are unknown. According to R.Wołągiewicz was found
with the second lamp, now missing. It got to the museum as a gift of H. Schmerbauch from Starogard
Szczeciński. We may suspect it came from a kind of a private anique
colleltion. |
5 |
Keeping place |
National Museum in Szczecin, no 18299 |
6 |
Analogy |
Pichlerová 1981, pl. XXII, nr 13 ( Stamp
FORTIS ), pl. CXL, nr 6 (stamp badly damaged, Domician’s coin ), pl. LXX, nr
4 ( stamp PVIII ), pl. CII, nr 5 (stamp badly damaged, Trajan’s coin), pl.
CXIV, nr 1( stamp YVCO, Antoninus Pius’ coin), pl. CLVIII, nr 3 (Domician’s
coin) – Kraskovská, pl. XXIV, nr 5 ( stamp FORTIS, end of II AD. ), pl. XLII,
nr 12 (Antoninus Pius’ coin) – Kreković, il 1, nr 11 ( Trenčina,
III AD. ), pl. IB ( Pochov, stamp FORTIS, 1 half II AD.) – Szubert, p. 158,
nr 35 ( Novae, stamp OCTAVI, 1 half II AD. ) – Čičikova, pl. XXXV,
typ II 1( Ratiaria, stamp STROBILI, 2 half II AD. ) – Gostar, pl. VII (
Intercisa, II AD. ) – Muşeţeanu, Culica, Elefterescu 1980, nr 26,
27( Durostorum, stamp FAVOR F or AV, Antoninian period ), nr 47 ( stamp
FORTIS, II- III AD. ) – Rubright, pl. VI, nr 67 ( Sirmiumm stamp FORTIS,
Julia Domna’s coin ) – Šubic, pl. VI, nr 27 ( Poetovio, stamp OCEANUS, I- II
AD. ) – Póczy, pl XXII, nr 2,3 ( Intercisa ) – Meumann, pl. VIII, nr 45 and
pl. IX, nr 78 ( Vindobona, stamp STROBILI and OCTAVI, I- II AD. ) –
Szentléleky, nr 287 (provenience unknown, bronze, 2 half I – II AD. ) –
Menzel, il. 51, nr 2 ( stamp PHOETASPI, Wespazian period ) – Farka, nr 51- 54
( Magdalensberg, Tyberius period ) – Lavizzari Pedrazzini, pl. CXXXI, nr 5 (
Angera Romana, flavian period ) – Buchi, pl. LI nr 35a, 42a, pl. XI, nr 155a,
160a, pl. XLVII, nr 946a, pl. LXV, nr 1271a ( stamp COMMUNIS, 60- 100 AD. ) –
Bailey, pl. LIV, nr Q 1178 ( stamp VIBIANI, half II w. ) |
7 |
Dating |
From the analogies follows the lamp belongs
to transitory type from objects with open and closed canal ( cf. Division of
Loeschcke for lamps from Vindonissa ). It is difficult to find the workshop,
but the closest analogies we find in Pannonia and Bulgaria ( the end of I century
AD ) . Considerating the poor workmanship in matrix we may date the lamp a
litle bit later.. |
8 |
Interpretation |
According to W. Nowakowski the lamp is not
areal import. The destrict of Szczecin- Zdroje in early Roman influence
period was not habbitated. All subjests from this period including coins
(Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Kommodus, Klodius Albinus, Aleksander Severus and
Trebonian Gallus) come from the other part of Szczecin. None of two lamps is
also mentined in catalogue of H.J.Eggers.
|
9 |
Bibliography |
Rulewicz, p. 42, il. 12;
Wołągiewicz, p. 517, il. 207;1, 209, p. 485, Modrzewska- Pianetti,
p.88; Nowakowski, p.89. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
8 |
2 |
Type
|
Warzenlampe, Flat Globule Lamp, lucerna a perline |
3 |
Find spot |
Benice, ( central Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
The lamp was found in 1894
near Benice. There are no ther informations about the relic beside the
drawing of J. Kostrzwski. |
5 |
Keeping place |
The relic used to be in
collection of Prehistorical Museum Wielkopolskie in Poznań as a deposit.
In 1924 it was given back to the donor. Now the keeping place is unknown. |
6 |
Analogy |
Lamp belonges to a very popular type used in
Romae and western provincies, type nr 30 ( Dressel ). It finds many analogies
in Roman Empire but is unusual in this part of Barbaricum. Sakař, pl. XIII, nr 3a,b ( Neratovice,
2 half III AD. ) – Vikič- Belančić, pl. XIII, nr 7 ( stamp
ROMANESIS, beginning of II AD. ), pl. XV, nr 9 ( Trst, II- III AD. ) –
Neumann, pl. VI, nr 36 ( Vindobona, stamp INGEN, III AD. ) – Deringer, pl. XI,
nr 342.B 10159 ( Lauriacum, III- V AD. ), Bailey, pl. LXXXVI, nr Q 1425 (
central Italy, III- IV AD. ). |
7 |
Dating |
The lamp was produced in central and north
Italy from the beginning of III to the beginning of V century AD. There
haven’t been found workshops in Danubian and Rhinian provincies so the lamp
comes probably from Italy. In consideration of massive handle we may classify
it on IV cehtury AD |
8 |
Interpretation |
The consequence of this dating is including
the lamp among group of imports coming from the period of decreasing trade
contacts in Barbaricum on the other side of Karpaty Mountains. The circumstances of finding the lamp
mensioned by J. Kostwrzewski point out that it came from a Przeworska kulture
cementary, cremation type. There were also found pieces of amber and clay
vases. We cannot also exclude a form of thesaurization. |
9 |
Bibliography |
Available unpublished materials of
J.Kostrzewski; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.84-85; Nowakowski, p.86-87. |
1 |
Catalogue number |
9 |
2 |
Type
|
Clay lamp |
3 |
Find spot |
Boguszyce, ( south- west Poland ) |
4 |
Provenience
|
The relic is known only
from a notice, according to it was found in the forst half of XIX century on
a crematory cementary in an urn. There were no other objects. |
5 |
Keeping place |
The relic has not been found in any polish
antique collections. Also a cataloguo of J.Büsching, editio princeps, hasn’t
been found. |
6 |
Analogy |
It’s impossible to find
analogies without any description of the lamp. |
7 |
Dating |
Knowing the stamp from the lamp OPPI we may
suppose it came from the first half of II century AD. Many examples have been
found from different regions of antique world. |
8 |
Interpretacton |
From the site Boguszyce have been found many
other objects from Roman Empire. In this period existed nations of Marcomanni
and Quadi in Czechy and Slovakia. This centres were tightly connected with
Roman Empire. The region north was
under their influence. |
9 |
Bibliography |
GVS 1937, p.40, 43; Eggers, p.108, nr 735;
Majewski, 1960, pp.37, 49; Wielowiejski, 1960, p.295:69. Modrzewska-
Pianetti, p.85; Nowakowski, p.87. |
Wykaz skrótów
Bailey – D.M. Bailey, A Catalogue of Lamps in
the British Museum II. Roman Lamps made in Italy, London, 1980.
Bălută 1964 – C.L. Bălută,
Opaitele romane de la Apulum II, Apulum 5, 1964, p. 275-295.
Bălută 1975 – C.L. Bălută,
Lucernae singulares apulenses, Arheoloski Vestmik 26, 1975, p. 111-114.
Bălută 1977 – C.L. Bălută,
Lampile romane din Muzeul Judetean Hunedoara- Deva, Sargetia 13, 1977, p.
200-228.
Baramki- Sellers – D.C. Baramki, O. Sellers, A
Roman – Byzantine Burial Cave in North Palestine, BASOR Suppl. Stud., 15-16,
1953, p. 1-55.
Bernhard – M.L. Bernhard, Ancient Lamps,
Warszawa 1955.
Bichir – Gh. Bichir, Chronologie et datation
de la civilisation Militari- Chilia, Dacia 24, 1980, p. 157-180.
Bruneau – P. Bruneau, Exploration
archéologique de Délos, XXVI. Les lampes, Paris 1965.
Buchi – E. Buchi, Lucerne del Museo di
Aquileia I. Lucerne romane con marchi di fabrica, Aquileia 1975.
Bucovala – M. Bucovala, Necropola elenistica
la Tomis, Museul Regional de arheologia Dobrogea, Constanţa 1966.
Burrows – M. Burrows, The Byzantine Tombs in
the Garden of Jarusalem School, BASOR 47, 1932, p. 29-30.
Čičikova – M. Čičikova,
Firmalampen du Limes danubien in Bulgarie, in: Actes du IX congrčs
International d’études sur frontieres romaines, Mamaia 6- 13 sept. 1972,
Bucureşti – Köln – Wien 1974.
Day – F.E. Day, Early islamic and christian
lamps, Berytus 7, 1942, p. 65-79.
Deringer – H. Deringer, Römische Lampen aus
Lauriacum, Forschungen in Lauriacum 9, Linz 1965.
Dressel – E. Dressel, Corpus Inscriptionum
Latinarum XV, 2, Berolini 1899.
Eggers – H.J. Eggers, Der römische Import im
freien Germanien. Atlas der Urgeschichte I, Hamburg 1951.
Farka – Ch. Farka, Die römische Lampen vom
Magdalensberg, Klagenfurt 1977.
Fischbach – O. Fischbach, , Römische Lampen
aus Poetovio, Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins fürSteiermark 44, 1896, p.
3-64.
Gaerte – W. Gaerte, Urgeschichte Ostpreussens,
Königsberg 1929.
Gostar – N. Gostar, Inscripţiile de pe
lucernele din dacia Romana, Arheologia Moldovei 1, 1961, p.149-211.
GVS – Germanische Vorzeit Scllesiens, Breslau
1937.
Hamilton – R.W. Hamilton, Note on recent
discoverires outside St. Stefans Gate in Jerusalem Quarterly Department
Antiquites of Palestine 6, 1936-1937, p. 153-156.
Heres 1972 – G. Heres, Zu den Gefälschten
Tonlampen mit Keiserportraits, AA 3, 1967, p. 388-390.
Hussaini – S.A.S. Hussaini. A rock- cut Tomb
Chamber at Ain Yabrut, Quarterly Department Antiquites of Palestine 6,
1936-1937, p. 51-55.
Iconomu – C. Iconomu, Opaiţe greco-
romane, Constanţa 1967.
Iványi – D. Iványi, Die Pannonischen Lampen.
Einre typologisch- chronologische Übersicht, Dissertationes Pannonicae II,2,
Budapest 1935.
Joly – E. Joly, Lucerne del Museo di Sabratha,
Roma 1974.
Kennedy – Ch. A. Kennedy, Development of the
lamp in Palestine, Berytus 14, 1961-63,2, p. 67-117.
Kraskovská – L. Kraskovská, Gerulata Rusovce.
Rimske pohrebisko, I, Bratislava 1977.
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