Catalogue of the Roman Lamps in Poland

Patrycja Czarnocka

1

Catalogue number

1

2

Type

Firmalampe

3

Find spot

Lachmirowice, woj. Bydgoskie ( central- nord Poland)

4

Provenience

The lamp has been found in the grave no 4, located on the borders of a przeworska kulture cementary. The grave was situated on the depth of 50 cm under the surface. There was the whole collection of “imports” : two badly damaged bronze vases, clay vases, fragment of fibula, buckle, keys, chain. There was also excavated a comb made of horn and two conical whorls. According to K. Godłowski the burial belonged to a rich woman.

5

Keeping place

Regional Museum in Toruń, no 3305

6

Analogy

Kraskovská, pl. XXX, nr 9 ( Gerulata,without a stamp, II-III AD.), pl. XLIV, nr 1 ( stamp SCA) -Pichlerová 1981, pl. XLI ( stamp CRESCES, I-II AD.), pl. XLVII, nr 5 (stamp FORTIS ), pl. LXXXIII, nr 5 ( stamp CRESCE, 140 AD. ), pl. CLXVII, nr 1 ( stamp CAMPIL) – Marsa 1978, pl. XXVII ( stamp FORTIS, beginning of II AD. ) – Szubert, p. 157, nr 28, 29 ( Novae, stamp FORTIS, 1 half II AD. ) – Muşeţeanu, Culica, Elefterescu 1980, pl. XIV, nr 95 ( Durostorum, stamp LUPATI, 2 half II AD. ) – Bălută 1975, pl. III, nr 4 ( Apulum, first decade of II AD ) – Šubic, pl. VII, nr 29, 30, 31 ( Poetovio, stamp URSI ), pl. VIII, nr 33, 34, 36 ( stamp JUSTINIANUS, I- II AD. ) – Urlab, p. 298 ( Cerkvici, stamp OCTAVI, 1 half II AD. ), p. 317 ( stempel FORTIS, 1 half II AD. ) – Sergejewski, il. 6, p. 17, ( Jajce, without a stamp , IV AD ) – Rubright, pl. VII, nr 69 ( stempel APER F ) – Deringer, il. 16, nr 17 ( Lauriacum, stempel FORTIS, 200- 235 r. ) – Iványi, pl. XLVIII, nr 6, XLIX, nr 7( IV w. ) – Buchi, pl. XXXI ( II AD. ) – Waldhauer, pl. XLIV, nr 461 ( Chersonez, II AD. ) – Szentléleky. Nr 125a, 130a ( Szombathely, stamp CRESCES ), 131a ( stamp SEXTUS ) – Farka, nr 66 ( 1 half I AD. ) – Lavizzari Pedrazzini, pl. CXXXIII, nr 1a,b ( Angera Romana, stamp FAVOR, 1 half II AD. ) – Panazza, pl. XI, nr 19 ( Cicidate, stamp CAMPILI ), pl. XII, nr 22a,b ( stamp CRESCES, II AD. ) – Zaccaria Ruggiu, nr 183-5 ( Montebelluno, stamps DEC and IEGIDI, II AD. ) – Bailey, pl. LI, nr Q 1166, (north Italy, stamp STROBILI, I /II AD. ).

7

Dating

This type of lamp may be dated in Italy from the beginning of II century AD to the first half of the III AD. It belonged to the most popular types also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. We cannot qualify the workshop with precision but the good quality of the lamp says it was produced in Pannonia, Dacia or Italy in the second half of the II century AD.Similar dating may be suggested by other subjects from the grave..

8

Interpretation

According to W. Nowakowskiego the lamp from Lachmirowice and other found in the grave “imports” should be connected with the so-called main amber route. In this area a plenty of settlers of przeworska kulture has been found with a great number of roman equipment.

9

Bibliografia

Zielonka 1951, p.120-128, il.6; Zielonka 1953, p.353-386, il.1a, nr 2a-e; J.Kostrzewski, Wielkopolska in prehistory, Warszawa 1955, p.245, il.713; W.Hensel, A.Gieysztor, Archaeologische Forschungen in Polen, Warszawa 1958, p.47, il.26; Bernhard, il. 58, p. 200; Majewski 1960, il. LVIb, p.70; Wielowiejski 1985, p.277-278; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.86-87; Nowakowski, p.87-88.

 

1

 

Catalogue number

2

2

Type

Bildlampe

3

Find spot

Tarnów- Chyszów, ( south- east Poland )

4

Provenience

Lamp was a gift from B.Czapkiewicza in 1922 . The provenience in unknown.

5

Keeping place

Archeological Museum in Krakow, no 8138

6

Analogy

Waldhauer, pl. XXXV, nr 340 (similar iconograpfy, Kercz I- II AD. ) – Heres 1972, pl. XXXIII, nr 274 (lituus and urceus on the discus stamp ERACLID, I/II AD. ) – Bailey, pl. LXXX, nr O 1374 ( stamp FLORENT,  the end of II AD. ).

7

Dating

Workshop from central Italy, second half of the II century AD.

8

Interpretation

This dating conects the lamp from Tarnów with the flow of imports from Danubian provincies through Karpaty Mountains. This is a way caled east amber route. Unfortunately considerating the special kind of lamp decoration (sacerdotal insignia), which occures only in Italy, we may doubt, if it’s a real import. We shouldn’t treat it like a product of a trade. It is possible that a lamp get into Barbaricum in the time of Roman wars with Marcomanni and Quadi. During this time a lot of Romans themselves penetrated into Barbaricum.

Anyway a precise analysis is not possible because at the site of Tarnów any Roman imports haven’t been found yet.

9

Bibliography

Wielowiejski 1970, p. 62. Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.85-86; Nowakowski, p.89.

 

 

1

Catalogue number

3

2

Type

type syro- palestinian

3

Find spot

Tomaszów Lubelski, ( central- east Poland )

4

Provenience

The circumstances of finding the lamp are unknown. According to the iwentary of Regional Museum in Tomaszów, it was discovered after the second World War. Inside lamp there were burnt human bones, so it’s possible it came from a crematory grave.

5

Keeping place

Regional Museum in Tomaszów Lubelski, no 417

6

Analogy

Modrzewska – Marciniak, il. 14, 22, 24, p. 140 ( IV-V AD. ) – McCown, p. 116, 126, il. 22, nr 6-8, p. 127, il. 23 ( Tell Nasbeh IV AD. ) – Hussaini, pl. VII, VIII ( Ain Yabrud, IV AD. ) – Hamilton, pl. CLIII- CLVI ( Jerozolima, III- IV AD. ) – Baramki Sellers, p. 53 (north Palestin IV- VI AD. ) – Burrows, p. 29 ( Jerosolima, IV- VI AD. ) – Day, pl. XI, nr 2 ( VI AD. ) - Kennedy,  pl. XXVIII, nr 775 (middle of VIII AD.) – Bernhard, pl. C, nr 344, pl. CI, nr 345 ( V AD. ) -  Szentléleky nr 246a,b ( IV- V AD. ).

7

Dating

The lamp belongs to the Late Antiquity period in the syro-palestinian type. It may be widely dated from IV  to V century AD.

8

Interpretation

Because of lacking crematory sepulcral objects during the early Slavonic period (the end of V century- first half of VI century AD) and absence of Roman imports on slavonic sites, we may suppose it belonged to Wielbarska kulture. It was present in this area from the first half of V century.

9

Bibliography

Kutyłowska, il.114, p.151, nr 53; A.Kokowski, Two ancient relics from the collection of the Regional Museum in Tomaszów Lubelski, Rocznik Tomaszowski II, Kokowski, Region of Lublin in the early period pre- Roman and Roman, Lubelskie Materiały Archeologiczne, t. IV, Lublin 1991, p. 146- 148; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.89-90; Nowakowski, p.89-90.

 

 

1

Catalogue number

4

2

Type

Clay lamp

3

Find spot

Walewice, ( central Poland )

4

Provenience

Discovered at the beginning of XX century in the area of Bzura river. Probably it came from Przeworska kulture cementary.

5

Keeping place

Archeologcal and Etnographical Museum in Łódź, no II-1946/59;

6

Analogy

Because the lamp is badly damaged the analogies are not precise.

Szamałek, pl. I (Oderza, III- IV w. ) – Bucovala, p. 112, nr 69a ( Tomis i w. ) – Muşeţeanu, Elefterescu 1983, pl. IV, nr 62 ( Durostorum, III- IV w. ) – Iconomu, pl. CXLVIII, nr 663 ( Konstanza IV w. ) – Leibingdut, typ XX- XXII, p. 78

( Szwajcaria, I- III w. ) – Deringer, nr 339-f 214, p. 52, 53 ( Lauriacum, stempel CIVN BIT, II/III w. ) – Bailey, pl. LXIII, nr Q 1241, Q 1242 ( początek II w. ) – Zaccaria Ruggiu, nr 160a,b ( południowa Italia, stempel ANNI SER, typ znany do III w. ) – Michelucci, pl. X, nr 141 ( datowana najpóźniej na IV w. ) – Joly, pl. XLI, nr 977 ( Sabratha, IV – V w. ) – Bruneau, pl. XXXII, nr 4677 ( Delos, III– IV w. )

7

Dating

Dating based on analogies on the second half oh the III century AD. There were found some subjects from the damaged crematory cementary with the lamp: clay vases, swards, umbo, spur, spear-head. It may be dated on the end of III and the beginning of IV century AD. 

8

Interpretation

The closest to Poland workshops that may have produced the lamps in this type are from Dobrudja (beginning of IV century AD), Lauriacum (beginning of III century AD), Bulgaria (the end of III century  AD). They are all local kind. Considerating written sources often telling about archeological discoveries in the area of Walewice, we suppose that there has been a site from the Roman influence period. It was probably the cementary of Przeworska kulture. Other informations say about tumuli- graves. The suggested upper dating overlaps with the chronology of other subjects from Walewice. It also correspondence with the horizon of prince’s tumuli-graves type Zakrzów- Leuna- Hassleben

9

Bibliography

Generaly about the discoveries in Walewice: J.Kostrzwewski, La Tene Culture in  area of Polish Kingdom, Przegląd Archeologiczny I, 1919- 1921, p. 27, nr 97; A.Nadolski, Some notes about inscribed spearheads, Slavia Antiqua II, fasc. 2, 1949-1950, p.230; Przegląd Archeologiczny I, 1919, p. 27; about the collection of antiquities: J.Kostrzewski, The collection of St. Grabiński in Walewice, Przegląd Archeologiczny I, 1919, p. 150; S.Kozakiewicz, J.Miłobędzki, Catalogue of pieces of art. In Poland, vol. II : Województwo Łódzkie, fasc. 5 : Powiat Łowicki, Warszawa 1953, p. 64- about the lamp : Wielowiejski 1970, p.62, Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.91; Nowakowski, p.90-91.

 

 

1

Catalogue number

5

2

Type

 Tiegellampe, lampe r suif

3

Find spot

Turza Wielka, ( central Poland )

4

Provenience

Lamp was found on the surface on the vturn of the XIX century. According to W.Gearte it was accompanied by clay vases and braselet from I-II century AD. During the second warld war missing and kmown only from the drawing.

5

Keeping place

Unknown.

6

Analogy

The analogies are not precise.

Bichir, pl. V, nr 4 ( Colonesti – Măruţei, III- IV AD. ) – Bălută 1975, pl. VI, nr 11- 14 ( IV AD. ) – Šubic, pl. VI nr 24 ( Poetovio, III- IV AD. ) – Rubright, pl. XXV, nr 256 ( Sirmium, IV- V AD. ) – Póczy, pl. XXIII, nr 10 ( Intercisa, IV AD. ), pl. XXIII, nr 2 (IV/V AD. ) – Loeschke, pl. XX, nr 1041( Vindonissa, II- III AD. ) – Szentléleky, typ 19. Nr 252- 256 (III- IV AD. ).

7

Dating

Between the lamps from Vindonissa and Intercisa the precise analogies has not been found. The closest to our relic are worshops from Apulum ( hipoteticaly dated on the beginning of the III century AD) and Colonesti- Mrruntei in Roumania (III-IV AD.)

8

Interpretation

The lamp comes from a Wielbarska kulture cementary lying in the area of the prince’s grave in Pelgrzymów. Thos neighbourship seems to confirm the possibility of appering there an unique import. The analogies bringing the relic into III- IV century correspond with the flow of Ropman imports coming to Barbaricum through the zone of Gothic domination.

Unfortunately according to W. Nowakowski the lamp drawing is not worthy of belief.  A special form of lamp he explains as a local product, handmade. His argument is also not existing the relic in a Catalogue of Roman imports in East Prussia. The inerpretation proposed sounds that the lamp is a poor imitation of Roman lamps. It may also be a kind of multiple vase.

9

Bibliography

Gaerte, p. 174, il. 124e; Wielowiejski 1970, p. 62. Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.90; Nowakowski, p.90.

 

 

1

Catalogue number

6

2

Type

Warzenlampe, Flat Globule Lamp, lucerna a perline

3

Find spot

Majdan, ( south- east Poland )

4

Provenience

The circumstances of finding the lamp are unknown.

5

Keeping place

Archeological Museum in Krakow, no 3537

6

Analogy

Deringer , il. 33, nr 341 ( Lauriacum, III- IV AD. ) – Szentléleky, nr 181

 ( Szombathely ), nr 182 ( IV AD. ) – Zaccaria Ruggiu, nr 226- 236 ( north Italy, III- IV AD. ) – Bailey, pl. LXXXVI, nr Q 1423 ( stamp SA ), nr Q 1424 ( III- V AD. ).

7

Dating

IV century AD.

8

Interpretation

Two lamp this type from Poland are known ; from Majdan ( IV century AD) and Benice ( a little bit later). It is not possible to reconstruct the way of their affluence into Poland. Without any archeological context it is difficult to iterprete it as a product of trade. Moreover from the site Majdan none Roman imports are known. Maybe we can cvonnect our lamp with existence of such sites as Jakuszowice and Świlcza in this area. They were a great centers of amber trade during the late Roman influence period.

9

Bibliography

Majewski 1948, tabl.XV, nr1; Eggers, nr 2105; Majewski 1960, tabl. LVIa,b, p.73; Wielowiejski 1960, 340; 749; Wielowiejski 1970, p.62; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.87-88; Nowakowski, p.88-89.

 

1

Catalogue number

7

2

Type

Firmalampe

3

Find spot

Szczecin Zdroje, ( nord- west Poland )

4

Provenience

The circumstances of finding the lamp are unknown. According to R.Wołągiewicz was found with the second lamp, now missing. It got to the museum as a gift  of H. Schmerbauch from Starogard Szczeciński. We may suspect it came from a kind of a private anique colleltion.

5

Keeping place

National Museum in Szczecin, no 18299

6

Analogy

Pichlerová 1981, pl. XXII, nr 13 ( Stamp FORTIS ), pl. CXL, nr 6 (stamp badly damaged, Domician’s coin ), pl. LXX, nr 4 ( stamp PVIII ), pl. CII, nr 5 (stamp badly damaged, Trajan’s coin), pl. CXIV, nr 1( stamp YVCO, Antoninus Pius’ coin), pl. CLVIII, nr 3 (Domician’s coin) – Kraskovská, pl. XXIV, nr 5 ( stamp FORTIS, end of II AD. ), pl. XLII, nr 12 (Antoninus Pius’ coin) – Kreković, il 1, nr 11 ( Trenčina, III AD. ), pl. IB ( Pochov, stamp FORTIS, 1 half II AD.) – Szubert, p. 158, nr 35 ( Novae, stamp OCTAVI, 1 half II AD. ) – Čičikova, pl. XXXV, typ II 1( Ratiaria, stamp STROBILI, 2 half II AD. ) – Gostar, pl. VII ( Intercisa, II AD. ) – Muşeţeanu, Culica, Elefterescu 1980, nr 26, 27( Durostorum, stamp FAVOR F or AV, Antoninian period ), nr 47 ( stamp FORTIS, II- III AD. ) – Rubright, pl. VI, nr 67 ( Sirmiumm stamp FORTIS, Julia Domna’s coin ) – Šubic, pl. VI, nr 27 ( Poetovio, stamp OCEANUS, I- II AD. ) – Póczy, pl XXII, nr 2,3 ( Intercisa ) – Meumann, pl. VIII, nr 45 and pl. IX, nr 78 ( Vindobona, stamp STROBILI and OCTAVI, I- II AD. ) – Szentléleky, nr 287 (provenience unknown, bronze, 2 half I – II AD. ) – Menzel, il. 51, nr 2 ( stamp PHOETASPI, Wespazian period ) – Farka, nr 51- 54 ( Magdalensberg, Tyberius period ) – Lavizzari Pedrazzini, pl. CXXXI, nr 5 ( Angera Romana, flavian period ) – Buchi, pl. LI nr 35a, 42a, pl. XI, nr 155a, 160a, pl. XLVII, nr 946a, pl. LXV, nr 1271a ( stamp COMMUNIS, 60- 100 AD. ) – Bailey, pl. LIV, nr Q 1178 ( stamp VIBIANI, half II w. )

7

Dating

From the analogies follows the lamp belongs to transitory type from objects with open and closed canal ( cf. Division of Loeschcke for lamps from Vindonissa ). It is difficult to find the workshop, but the closest analogies we find in Pannonia and Bulgaria ( the end of I century AD ) . Considerating the poor workmanship in matrix we may date the lamp a litle bit later..

8

Interpretation

According to W. Nowakowski the lamp is not areal import. The destrict of Szczecin- Zdroje in early Roman influence period was not habbitated. All subjests from this period including coins (Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Kommodus, Klodius Albinus, Aleksander Severus and Trebonian Gallus) come from the other part of Szczecin. None of two lamps is also mentined in catalogue of H.J.Eggers.  

9

Bibliography

Rulewicz, p. 42, il. 12; Wołągiewicz, p. 517, il. 207;1, 209, p. 485, Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.88; Nowakowski, p.89.

 

 

1

Catalogue number

8

2

Type

Warzenlampe, Flat Globule Lamp, lucerna a perline

3

Find spot

Benice, ( central Poland )

4

Provenience

The lamp was found in 1894 near Benice. There are no ther informations about the relic beside the drawing of J. Kostrzwski.

5

Keeping place

The relic used to be in collection of Prehistorical Museum Wielkopolskie in Poznań as a deposit. In 1924 it was given back to the donor. Now the keeping place is unknown.

6

Analogy

Lamp belonges to a very popular type used in Romae and western provincies, type nr 30 ( Dressel ). It finds many analogies in Roman Empire but is unusual in this part of Barbaricum.

Sakař, pl. XIII, nr 3a,b ( Neratovice, 2 half III AD. ) – Vikič- Belančić, pl. XIII, nr 7 ( stamp ROMANESIS, beginning of II AD. ), pl. XV, nr 9 ( Trst, II- III AD. ) – Neumann, pl. VI, nr 36 ( Vindobona, stamp INGEN, III AD. ) – Deringer, pl. XI, nr 342.B 10159 ( Lauriacum, III- V AD. ), Bailey, pl. LXXXVI, nr Q 1425 ( central Italy, III- IV AD. ).

7

Dating

The lamp was produced in central and north Italy from the beginning of III to the beginning of V century AD. There haven’t been found workshops in Danubian and Rhinian provincies so the lamp comes probably from Italy. In consideration of massive handle we may classify it on IV cehtury AD

8

Interpretation

The consequence of this dating is including the lamp among group of imports coming from the period of decreasing trade contacts in Barbaricum on the other side of Karpaty Mountains.

The circumstances of finding the lamp mensioned by J. Kostwrzewski point out that it came from a Przeworska kulture cementary, cremation type. There were also found pieces of amber and clay vases. We cannot also exclude a form of thesaurization.

9

Bibliography

Available unpublished materials of J.Kostrzewski; Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.84-85; Nowakowski, p.86-87.

 

 

1

Catalogue number

9

2

Type

Clay lamp

3

Find spot

Boguszyce, ( south- west Poland )

4

Provenience

The relic is known only from a notice, according to it was found in the forst half of XIX century on a crematory cementary in an urn. There were no other objects.

5

Keeping place

The relic has not been found in any polish antique collections. Also a cataloguo of J.Büsching, editio princeps, hasn’t been found.

6

Analogy

It’s impossible to find analogies without any description of the lamp.

7

Dating

Knowing the stamp from the lamp OPPI we may suppose it came from the first half of II century AD. Many examples have been found from different regions of antique world.

8

Interpretacton

From the site Boguszyce have been found many other objects from Roman Empire. In this period existed nations of Marcomanni and Quadi in Czechy and Slovakia. This centres were tightly connected with Roman Empire. The region north  was under their influence.

9

Bibliography

GVS 1937, p.40, 43; Eggers, p.108, nr 735; Majewski, 1960, pp.37, 49; Wielowiejski, 1960, p.295:69. Modrzewska- Pianetti, p.85; Nowakowski, p.87.

 

 

Wykaz skrótów

 

Bailey – D.M. Bailey, A Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum II. Roman Lamps made in Italy, London, 1980.

Bălută 1964 – C.L. Bălută, Opaitele romane de la Apulum II, Apulum 5, 1964, p. 275-295.

Bălută 1975 – C.L. Bălută, Lucernae singulares apulenses, Arheoloski Vestmik 26, 1975, p. 111-114.

Bălută 1977 – C.L. Bălută, Lampile romane din Muzeul Judetean Hunedoara- Deva, Sargetia 13, 1977, p. 200-228.

Baramki- Sellers – D.C. Baramki, O. Sellers, A Roman – Byzantine Burial Cave in North Palestine, BASOR Suppl. Stud., 15-16, 1953, p. 1-55.

Bernhard – M.L. Bernhard, Ancient Lamps, Warszawa 1955.

Bichir – Gh. Bichir, Chronologie et datation de la civilisation Militari- Chilia, Dacia 24, 1980, p. 157-180.

Bruneau – P. Bruneau, Exploration archéologique de Délos, XXVI. Les lampes, Paris 1965.

Buchi – E. Buchi, Lucerne del Museo di Aquileia I. Lucerne romane con marchi di fabrica, Aquileia 1975.

Bucovala – M. Bucovala, Necropola elenistica la Tomis, Museul Regional de arheologia Dobrogea, Constanţa 1966.

Burrows – M. Burrows, The Byzantine Tombs in the Garden of Jarusalem School, BASOR 47, 1932, p. 29-30.

Čičikova – M. Čičikova, Firmalampen du Limes danubien in Bulgarie, in: Actes du IX congrčs International d’études sur frontieres romaines, Mamaia 6- 13 sept. 1972, Bucureşti – Köln – Wien 1974.

Day – F.E. Day, Early islamic and christian lamps, Berytus 7, 1942, p. 65-79.

Deringer – H. Deringer, Römische Lampen aus Lauriacum, Forschungen in Lauriacum 9, Linz 1965.

Dressel – E. Dressel, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XV, 2, Berolini 1899.

Eggers – H.J. Eggers, Der römische Import im freien Germanien. Atlas der Urgeschichte I, Hamburg 1951.

Farka – Ch. Farka, Die römische Lampen vom Magdalensberg, Klagenfurt 1977.

Fischbach – O. Fischbach, , Römische Lampen aus Poetovio, Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins fürSteiermark 44, 1896, p. 3-64.

Gaerte – W. Gaerte, Urgeschichte Ostpreussens, Königsberg 1929.

Gostar – N. Gostar, Inscripţiile de pe lucernele din dacia Romana, Arheologia Moldovei 1, 1961, p.149-211.

GVS – Germanische Vorzeit Scllesiens, Breslau 1937.

Hamilton – R.W. Hamilton, Note on recent discoverires outside St. Stefans Gate in Jerusalem Quarterly Department Antiquites of Palestine 6, 1936-1937, p. 153-156.

Heres 1972 – G. Heres, Zu den Gefälschten Tonlampen mit Keiserportraits, AA 3, 1967, p. 388-390.

Hussaini – S.A.S. Hussaini. A rock- cut Tomb Chamber at Ain Yabrut, Quarterly Department Antiquites of Palestine 6, 1936-1937, p. 51-55.

Iconomu – C. Iconomu, Opaiţe greco- romane, Constanţa 1967.

Iványi – D. Iványi, Die Pannonischen Lampen. Einre typologisch- chronologische Übersicht, Dissertationes Pannonicae II,2, Budapest 1935.

Joly – E. Joly, Lucerne del Museo di Sabratha, Roma 1974.

Kennedy – Ch. A. Kennedy, Development of the lamp in Palestine, Berytus 14, 1961-63,2, p. 67-117.

Kraskovská – L. Kraskovská, Gerulata Rusovce. Rimske pohrebisko, I, Bratislava 1977.

Kreković – E. Kreković, Römische Lampenfunde im Slovakischen Barbaricum, A Rozhl 35, 1983, p.510-516.

Kutyłowska – I. Kutyłowska, The archeological materials in The Museum of Tomaszów, Studia i materiały lubelskie 6, 1972, p. 145-169.

Lavizzari Padrazzini – M.P Lavizzari Padrazzini, Angera Romana. Scavi nella necropoli 1970-1979, Roma 1985.

Leibindgut – A. Leibindgut, Die römischen Lampen in der Schweiz, Bern 1977.

Loeschcke – S. Loeschcke, Lampen aus Vindonissa und des antiken Beleutungswesens, Zürich 1919.

Majewski 1948 – K. Majewski The roman imports in the Slavic territories, Wrocław1948.

Majewski 1960 – K. Majewski The roman imports in Poland, warszawa- Wrocław 1960.

Marsa 1972 – J. Marsa, Roman Lamps in the Prague National Museum and in the other Czechoslovak Collections, Acta Musei National Prague 26, 1972, p. 89-152.

Marsa 1978 – J. Marsa, Anticke lampy, Museum Podkrkonosi Trutnov, Trutnov 1978.

McCown – Ch. McCown, Tell en Nasbeh I, Berkeley- New Hampton 1947.

Menzel – H. Menzel, Antike Lampen in Römisch Germanichen Zentral- Museum zu Meinz, Meinz 1954.

Michelucci – M. Michelucci, La collezione di lucerne del Museo Egizio di Firenze, Firenze 1975.

Modrzewska- Marciniak – I. Modrzewska- Marciniak, Lampes d’Anab Safina (Syrie). L’étude typologique, Archeologia 28, 1977 (1978), p.134-152.

Modrzewska- Pianetti – I. Modrzewska- Pianetti, Roman Lamps found in Poland, Archeologia 41, 1990, p.77-95.

Muşeţeanu, Culica, Elefterescu 1980 – C. Muşeţeanu, V. Culica,  D.Elefterescu, Lampes a esyampille de Durostorum, Dacia 24,1980, p. 283-305.

Muşeţeanu, Elefterescu 1983 – C. Muşeţeanu,  D.Elefterescu,  Lampes romaines de Durostorum, Dacia  27, 1983, p. 109-128.

Neumann – A. Neumann, Lampen und andere Beletungsgeräte aus Vindobona, Wien 1967.

Nowakowski – W. Nowakowski, Roman Lamps found in Poland. The Prehistorical Commentary, Archeologia43, 1992, p. 85-93.

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